Preface to the Seventh Edition Vii
Preface to the First EdMon (excerpts) viii
Section 1 LOWER LIMB
Introduction 3
Parts of the Lower Umb 4 Related Terms 4
Bones of Lower Umb 4
Hip Bone 7
Ilium 7
Pubis 9
Ischium 12
Acetabulum 14
Obturator Foramen 14
Clinical Anatomy 15
Femur 15
Clinical Anatomy 21
Patella 21
Clinical Anatomy 23
Tibia 23
Clinical Anatomy 28
Fibula 28
Clinical Anatomy 32
Bones of the Foot 32
Tarsus/Tarsals 32
Talus 32
Clinical Anatomy 34
Calcaneus or Calcaneum 34
Clinical Anatomy 36
Navicular Bone 36
Cuneiform Bones 37
Medial Cuneiform 37
Intermediate Cuneiform 38
Lateral Cuneiform 38
Cuboid 39
Metatarsus 39
Phalanges 40
Clinical Anatomy 41
Sesamoid Bones 41
Mnenonics 41
Facts to Remember 41
Clinicoanatomical Problem 42
Frequently Aiked Questions 42
Multiple Choice Questions 42
3. Front of INgh Surface Landmarks 43
Skin and Superficial Fascia 44
Dissection 44
Cutaneous Nerves 45
Cutaneous Arteries 46
Great or Long Saphenous Vein 46
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes 46
Subcutaneous Bursae 46
Clinical Anatomy 47
Deep Fascia and Femoral Triangle 47
Dissection 44
Clinical Anatomy 48
Femoral Triangle 48
Boundaries 48
Contents 48
Femoral Sheath 50
Femoral Canal 51
Clinical Anatomy 51
Femoral Artery 53
Clinical Anatomy 55
Femoral Vein 55
Femoral Nerve 55
Branches and Distribution 56
Muscles of the Front of the Thigh 57
lliacus and Psoas Major 59
Clinical Anatomy 59
Adductor/Hunter's/Subsartorial Canal Dissection 60
Facts to Remember 61
Clinicoanatomtcal Problem 61
Multiple Choice Questions 61
Medial Side of Thigh 63
Adductor Compartment 63
Dissection 63
Boundaries 63
Muscles of Adductor Compartment of Thigh 63
Relations of Adductor Longus 64
Obturator Nerve 65
Clinical Anatomy 66
Accessory Obturator Nerve 67
Obturator Artery 67
Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery 67
Clinical Anatomy 68
Facts to Remember 66
Clinicoanatomical Problem 68
Frequently Asked Questions 68
Multiple Choice Questions 66
Gluteal Region 69
Introduction 69 Surface Landmarks 69
Dissection 70
Superficial Fascia 70
Cutaneous Nerves 70
Cutaneous Vessels and Lymphatics 70
Deep Fascia 70
Muscles of Gluteal Region 70
Dissection 70
Structures under Cover of Gluteus Maxlmus 77
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Medhjs 74
Structures Deep to the Gluteus Minimus 74
Clinical Anatomy 74
Sociotuberous and Sacrosplnous Ligaments 75
Nerves of the Gluteal Region 76
Superior Gluteal Nerve 76
inferior Gluteal Nerve 76
Sctafc Nerve 76
Clinical Anatomy 76
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh 76
Nerve to Quadratus Femorts 77
Pudendal Nerve 77
Nerve to the Obturator internus 77
Perforating Cutaneous Nerve 77
Arteries of Gluteal Region 77
Superior Gluteal Artery 77
inferior Gluteal Artery 78
internal Pudendal Artery 78
Trochanteric Anastomoses 78
Cruciate Anastomoses 78
Structures Passing through the Greater Sciatic Foramen (Gateway ot Gutea Region) 78
Structures Passing through the Lesser Sciatic Foramen 78
Facts to Remember 79
Clinicoanatomical Problem 79
Frequently Asked Questions 80
Multiple Choice Questions 80
6. PopttteoA fossa 81
Introduction 81
Surface Landmarks Popliteal Fossa 81
Dissection 81
Popliteal Artery 83
Clinical Anatomy 84
Popliteal teln 85
Tibial Nerve 85
Clinical Anatomy 86
Common Peroneal Nerve 86
Posterior Cutaneous Nerve ot Thlgjh 86
Genicular Branch ot Obturator Nerve 86
Popliteal Lymph Nodes 86
Clinical Anatomy 86
Anastomoses around the Knee one 81
Mnemonics 87
Facts to Remember 87
Clinicoanatomical Problem 88
Frequently Asked Questions 88
Multiple Choice Questions 88
Introduction 89
Muscles and Nerves 89
Dissection 89
Musces ot Back ot the Thigh 89
Clinical Anatomy 89
Sctatta Nerve 90
Ctlntcal Anatomy 93
Arteries of the Back of Thigh 93
Anastomoses on the Back of Thigh 94
Facts to Remember 95
Clinicoanatomical Problem 95
Frequently Asked Questions 96
Multiple Choice Questions 96
8. Front, Lateral and Medial Sides of Leg and Dorsum of Foot 97
Introduction 97
Surface Landmarks 97
Superficial Fascia 98
Contents 98
Dissection 98
Superficial Veins 98
Cutaneous Nerves 98
Clinical Anatomy 99
Deep Fascia 99
Dissection 99
Superior Extensor Retinaculum 100
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 100
Clinical Anatomy 100
Muscles of Front of Leg 101
Dissection 101
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of the Leg 102
Anterior Tibial Artery 101
Deep Peroneal Nerve 103
Clinical Anatomy 105
Dorsum of Foot 105
Dissection 105
Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Dorsal Artery of the Foot) 105
Clinical Anatomy 106
Fascia and Muscles of Lateral Side of the Leg 106
Dissection 106
Peroneal Retlnacula 107
Clinical Anatomy 108
Peroneal Muscles 108
Clinical Anatomy 108
Superficial Peroneal Nerve 108
Dissection 108
Clinical Anatomy 109
Medial Side of the Leg 110
Dissection 110
Clinical Anatomy 110
Facts to Remember 111
Guucoanatomkcat Problem 111
Frequently Asked Questions 111
Multiple Choice Questions 111
Bock of Leg 113
Introduction 113
Superficial Fascia 113
Dissection 113
Small or Short Saphenous Vein 113
Great or Long Saphenous Vein 113
Cutaneous Nerves 113
Clinical Anatomy 114
Deep Fascia 114
Dissection 114
Boundaries and Subdivisions 114
Flexor Retinaculum 115
Clinical Anatomy 115
Superficial Muscles 116
Dissection 117
Deep Muscles 117
Clinical Anatomy 118
Posterior Tibial Artery 119
Peroneal Artery 120
Tibial Nerve 120
Clinical Anatomy 121
Mnemonics 121
Facts to Remember 122
Clinicoanatomical Problem 122
Frequently Asked Questions 122
Multiple Choice Questions 122
Sole of Foot 123
Introduction 123
Skin 123
Dissection 123
Fasciae 123
Dissection 123
Superficial Fascia 124
Deep Fascia 124
Plantar Aponeurosis 124
Deep Transverse Metatarsal Ligaments 125
Fibrous Flexor Sheaths 125
Clinical Anatomy 125
Muscles and Tendons of the First and Second Layers 125
Dissection 125
Muscles and Tendons of Third and Fourth Layers 125
Dissection 125
Plantar Vessels and Nerves 126
Dissection 126
Medial Plantar Nerve 126
Lateral Plantar Nerve 129
Clinical Anatomy 129
Medial Plantar Artery 129
Lateral Plantar Artery 131
Plantar Arch 131
Clinical Anatomy 132
Facts to Remember 132
Clinicoanatomical Problem 132
Frequently Asked Questions 132
Multiple Choice Questions 132
11. Vtonous and Lymphatic Drainage, Segmental Innervation, and Comparison of lower and Upper limbs 134
Venous Drainage 134
Factors Helping Venous Return 134
Veins of Lower Umb 134
Long Saphenous Veins 135
Small or Short Saphenous Vein 136
Perforating Veins 136
Clinical Anatomy 137
Lymphatic Drainage 137
Classification 138
Superficial Lymphatics 138
Deep Lymphatics 139
Clinical Anatomy 139
Segmental Innervation 139
Dermatomes 139
Myotomes 141
Clinical Anatomy 142
Sympathetic Innervation 142
Comparison of Lower and Upper Umbs 143
Mnemonics 145
Facts to Remember 145
Clinicoanatomical Problem 145
Frequently Asked Questions 146
Multiple Choice Questions 146
Hip Joint 147
Dissection 147
Type 147
ligaments 148
Relations of the Hip Joint 149
Bood Supply 149
Nerve Supply 149
Movements 149
Clinical Anatomy 160
Knee Joint 162
Dissection 152
Type I Ligaments 162
Synovial Membrane 155
Dissection 155
Bursae around the Knee 156
Relations of Knee Joint 156
Blood Supply 156
Nerve Supply 156
Movements at the Knee Joint 156
Dissection 156
Locking and Unlocking of the Knee Joint 157
Clinical Anatomy 157
Ankle Joint 159
Dissection 159
Ligaments 160
Relations of the Ankle Joint 161
Movements 161
Blood Supply 161
Nerve Supply 161
Clinical Anatomy 161
Tibiofibular Joints 162
Dissection 162
Superior Tibiofibular Joint 162
Middle Tibiofibular Joint 162
Inferior Tibiofibular Joint 163
Joints of the Foot 163
Dissection 163
Talocalcanean Joint 163
Movements 164
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint 164
Movements 164
Calcaneocuboid Joint 165
Transverse Tarsal or Midtarsal Joint 165
Inversion and Eversion of the Foot 166
Joints Taking Part 166
Muscles Producing Movements 166
Dissection 167
Joint Cavities of Foat 167
Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints 167
Clinical Anatomy 168
Mnemonics of Locking and Unlocking 169
Facts to Remember 169 Clinicoanatomical Problems 169
Frequently Asked Questions 170 Multiple Choice Questions 170
Introduction 171
Formation or Structure of Arches 171
Medial Longitudinal Arch 171
Lateral Longitudinal Arch 172
Anterior Transverse Arch 172
Posterior Transverse Arch 172
Factors Responsible for Maintenance of Arches 173
Functions of Arches 173
Summary 174
Clinical Anatomy 175
Facts to Remember 176
Clinicoanatomical Problem 176
Frequently Asked Questions 177
Multiple Choice Questions 177
14. Surface and Radiological Anatomy 178
Palpable Parts of the Bones 178
Surface Marking of Arteries 178
Femoral Artery 178
Profunda Femorls Artery 179
Popliteal Artery 179
Superior Gluteal Artery 179
Inferior Gluteal Artery 179
Anterior Tibial Artery 179
Posterior Tibial Artery 180
Dorsalis Pedis Artery 180
Medial Plantar Artery 180
Lateral Plantar Artery 180
Plantar Arch 180
Veins 181
Femoral Vein 181
Great Saphenous Vein 181
Small Saphenous Vein 181
Nerves 181
Femoral Nerve 181
Sciatic Nerve 182
Tibial Nerve 182
Common Peroneal Nerve 182
Deep Peroneal Nerve 182
Superficial Peroneal Nerve 182
Medial Plantar Nerve 182
Lateral Plantar Nerve 182
Miscellaneous Structures 182
Saphenous Opening 182
Femoral Ring 182
Superior Extensor Retinaculum 182
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum 183
Flexor Retinaculum 183
Radiological Anatomy 183
Hip 183
Knee 184
Foot 185
Appendbi 1 186
Nerves of Lower Limb 186
Femoral Nerve 186
Obturator Nerve 186
Accessory Obturator Nerve 187
Superior Gluteal Nerve 187
Inferior Gluteal Nerve 188
Sciatic Nerve 188
Tibial Nerve 189
Common Peroneal Nerve 189
Deep Peroneal Nerve 189
Superficial Peroneal Nerve 190
Plantar Nerves 191
Clinical Anatomy 192
Clinical Terms 193
Arteries of Lower Umb 194
Multiple Choice Questions 195
Further Reading 197
Spots on Lower Umb 199
Answers: Spots on Lower Umb 200
Section 2 ABDOMEN and PELVIS
15. Introduction and Osteology 203
Introduction to Abdomen 203
Osteology 203
Lumbar Vertebrae 203
Clinical Anatomy 206
The Socrum/VBrtebra Magnum 207
Sacral Canal 209
Attachments on the Sacrum 209
Relations of the Sacrum 210
Sex Differences 210
Coccyx 210
Bony Pelvis 211
Sex Differences in the Pelvis 212
Anatomical Position of the PeMs 213
Intervertebral Joints 213
Intervertebral Disc 213
Mnemonics 214
Facts to Remember 214
Clinicoanatomical Problem 215
Frequently Asked Questions 215
Multiple Choice Questions 215
16. Anterior Abdominal Wall 216
Surface Landmarks 216
Sldn and Superficial Fascia 217
Dissection 217
The Umbilicus 218
Clinical Anatomy 219
Superficial Fascia 219
Clinical Anatomy 220
Cutaneous Nerves 220
Cutaneous Arteries 221
Cutaneous Veins 221
Clinical Anatomy 221
Muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall 222
Dissection 222
External Oblique Muscle 222
Internal Oblique Muscle 223
Transversus Abdominis Muscle 224
Dissection 224
Rectus Abdominis Muscie 224
Actions of the Main Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 225
Inguinal Ligament 225
Dissection 226
Conjoint Tendon or Falx Inguinale 226
The Cremaster Muscie 227
Clinical Anatomy 227
Deep Nerves of the Anterior Abdominal Wall 228
Deep Arteries of the Anterior Abdominal Wail 228
Rectus Sheath 229
Dissection 229
The Fascia Transversails 231
Inguinal Canal 232
Dissection 232
Structures Passing through the Canal 233
Constituents of the Spermatic Cord 233
Mechanism of Inguinal Canal 233
Clinical Anatomy 234
Mnemonics 237
Facts to Remember 237
Clinicoanatomical Problem 236
Frequently Asked Questions 238
Multiple Choice Questions 238
Genital Organs 240
External Genital Organs 240
Penis 240
Root of Penis 240
Body of Penis 241
Scrotum 243
Clinical Anatomy 244
Testis 244
External Features 245
Arterial Supply 246
Histology of Seminiferous Tubule 247
Clinical Anatomy 247
Epididymis 248
Clinical Anatomy 248
Development of Testis 248
Descent of the Testis 249
Ducts 249
External Genitalia 249
Facts to Remember 250
Clinicoanatomical Problem 250
Frequently Asked Questions 250
Multiple Choice Questions 251
18. Abdominal Cavity and Peritoneum 252
Nine Regions of Abdomen 252
Peritoneum 253
Functions of Peritoneum 254
Clinical Anatomy 255
Peritoneal Folds 255
Dissection 255
Greater Omentum 257
Dissection 258
Lesser Omentum 258
Mesentery 259
Mesoappendix 260
Transverse Mesocolon 260
Dissection 260
Sigmoid Mesocolon 260
Dissection 260
Reflection of Peritoneum on the Liver 260
Vertical Tracing /Sagittal Tracing 261
Horizontal Tracing above Transverse Colon 262
Horizontal Tracing below the Level of the Transverse Colon 262
Horizontal Tracing of Peritoneum in the Lesser Pelvis (Male) 263
Horizontal Tracing of Peritoneum In the Lesser Pelvis (Female) 263
Epiploic Foramen/Omental Foramen/ Foramen of Winsiow 264
Lesser Sac or Omental Bursa 264
Clinical Anatomy 265
Special Regions of the Peritoneal Cavity 266
Supracolic Compartment/Subphrenic Spaces 266
Hepatorenal Pouch (Mortson's Pouch) 267
Infracollc Compartments 267
Paracolic Gutters 267
Rectouterine Pouch (Pouch of Douglas) 267
Clinical Anatomy 268
Peritoneal Fossae (Recesses) 268
Clinical Anatomy 269
Development 269
Facts to Remember 270
Clinicoanatomical Problem 270
Frequently Asked Questions 271
Multiple Choice Questions 271
Abdominal Part of Oesophagus and Stomach 272
Oesophagus and Stomach 272
Dissection 272
Abdominal Part of Oesophagus 272
Histology 273
Clinical Anatomy 273
Stomach 274
Location 275
External Features 275
Relations of Stomach 276
Blood Supply 276
Lymphatic Drainage 276
Nerve Supply 276
Interior of Stomach 278
Dissection 278
Clinical Anatomy 279
Histology of Stomach 280
Development 280
Mnemonics 280
Facts to Remember 281
CHnicoanatomical Problem 281
Frequently Asked Questions 281
Multiple Choice Questions 281
Small and large intestines 283
Small Intestine 283
Relevant Features 283
Large Surface Area 283
Duodenum 285
Dissection 285
Perttoneal Relations 286
Suspensory Muscle of Duodenum or Ligament of Trettz 288
Histology 289
Clinical Anatomy 289
Jejunum and Heum 290
Dissection 290
Histology 290
Meckel's Diverticulum (Diverticulum llel) 290
Clinical Anatomy 291
Large Intestine 291
Dissection 291
Clinical Anatomy 294
Caecum 294
Clinical Anatomy 295
Vermiform Appendix 295
Histology 297
Clinical Anatomy 297
Ascending Colon 298
Right Colic Flexure (Hepatic Flexure) 298
Transverse Colon 298
Left Colic Flexure (Splenic Flexure) 299
Descending Colon 299
Sigmoid Colon (Pelvic Colon) 299
Histology of Colon 299
Development 299
Mnemonics 300
Fact to Remember 300
Frequently Asked Question» 301
Multiple Choice Questions 301
21. Stood Uwtto Of Out 302
Bloodvessels 302
Dissection 302
CoeHac Trunk 302
Origin and Length 302
Branches 303
Superior Mesenteric Artery 304
Origin Course and Termination 304
Branches 305
Superior Mesenteric Vein 306
Clinical Anatomy 307
Inferior Mesenteric Artery 307
Branches 307
Inferior Mesenteric Vein 308
Clinical Anatomy 308
Marginal Artery of Drummond 308
Portal Vein 309
Branches of Portal Vein 310
Tributaries 310
Portosystemic Communications (Portocaval Anastomoses) 310
Clinical Anatomy 310
Development 311
Facts to Remember 313
Clinicoanatomical Problem 313
Frequently Asked Questions 313
Multiple Choice Questions 313
Extrahepoffc Biliary Apparatus 315
Hepatic Ducts 315
Dissection 315
Common Hepatic Duct 315
Gallbladder 316
Cystic Duct 316
Bile Duct 317
Sphincters Related to the Bile and Pancreatic Ducts 318
Nerve Supply 318
Clinical Anatomy 319
Histology 320
Development 320
Facts to Remember 321
CNnicoanetomicaJ Problem 321
Frequently Asked Questions 321
Multiple Choice Questions 321
Spleen, faMBW and Uver 322
Spleen 322
Dissection 322
External Features 322
Relations 323
Arterial Supply 324
Venous Drainage 324
Lymphatic Drainage 324
Histology 325
Development 326
Clinical Anatomy 326
Pancreas 326
Dissection 326
Head of the Pancreas 327
Body of the Pancreas 328
Tall of the Pancreas 329
Ducts of the Pancreas 329
Arterial Supply 329
Msnous Drainage 330
Lymphatic Drainage 330
Htotology 330
Development 331
Clinical Anatomy 332
Uver 332
Dissection 332
External Features 333
Rue Surfaces 333
One Homtnerrt Border 333
Visceral Relations 334
Blood Supply 335
Venous Drainage 335
Lymphatic Drainage 335
Nerve Supply 336
Hepatic Segments 336
Histology 336
Development 337
Clinical Anatomy 337
Mnemonics 338
Facts to Remember 339
Clinicoanatomical Problem 339
Frequently Asked Questions 339
Multiple Choice Questions 339
24. Kidney and Ureter 341
Kidneys 341
Dissection 341
Hilum 342
Relations of the Kidneys 342
Capsules or Coverings of Kidney 343
Blood Supply of Kidney 346
Lymphatic Drainage 346
Nerve Supply 346
Exposure of the Kidney from Behind 346
Histology 346
Clinical Anatomy 346
Ureters 348
Dimensions 348
Normal Constrictions 349
Relations 350
Abdominal Part of Ureter 350
Pelvic Part of Ureter 351
Intravesical Part 352
Blood Supply 352
Nerve Supply 352
Histology 352
Development of Kidney and Ureter 353
Anomalies of the Kidney and Ureter 353
Clinical Anatomy 354
Mnemonics 354
Facts to Remember 355
CHnicoanatomical Problem 355
Frequently Asked Questions 355
Multiple Choice Questions 355
26. Suprarenal Gland and Chromatin System 355
Suprarenal Glands 356
Dissection
356
Right Suprarenal Gland 356
Left Suprarenal Gland 357
Structure and Function 357
Arterial Supply 358
Venous Drainage 358
Lymphatic Drainage 358
Nerve Supply 358
Histology 358
Development of Suprarenal Gland 359
Chromaffin System 359
Clinical Anatomy 359
Facts to Remember 359
Clinicoanatomical Problem 360
Frequently Asked Questions 360
Multiple Choice Questions 360
Diaphragm 361
Gross Anatomy 361
Dissection 361
Openings in the Diaphragm 363
Relations 363
Nerve Supply 363
Actions 364
Development 364
Clinical Anatomy 364
Mnemonics 365
Facts to Remember 365
Clinicoanatomical Problem 366
Frequently Asked Questions 366
Multiple Choice Questions 366
Posterior Abdominal Wad 367
Introduction 367
Blood Vessels, Muscles and Nerves 367
Dissection 367
Abdominal Aorta 367
Relations 367
Branches 368
Common lilac Arteries 369
Inferior Vena Cava 369
Tributaries 369
Clinical Anatomy 370
Abdominal Parts of Azygos and Hemiazygos Veins 370
Lymph Nodes of Posterior Abdominal Wall 371
Cistema Chytt 371
Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall 371
Clinical Anatomy 373
Thoracolumbar Fascia (Lumbar Fascia) 373
Nerves of the Posterior Abdominal Wall 373
Abdominal Part of the Autonomic Nervous System 374
Lumbar Sympathetic Chain 375
Coeliac Ganglia and Coeliac Plexus 375
Layers of the Abdomen 377
Clinical Anatomy 378
Mnemonics 379
Facts to Remember 379
Clinicoanatomical Problem 379
Frequently Asked Questions 379
Multiple Choice Questions 380
28. Perineum 381
Superficial Boundaries 381
Deep Boundaries of the Perineum 381
Divisions of the Perineum 382
Anal Region 382
Dissection 382
Perineal Body 382
External Anal Sphincter 383
Ischioanal Fossa 383
Spaces and Canals of the Fossa 384
Contents of Ischioanal Fossa 384
Clinical Anatomy 385
Male Perineum 385
Dissection 385
Male Urogenital Region 386
Clinical Anatomy 386
Deep Perineal Space 387
Boundaries 387
Deep Transverse Perlnei 387
Distal Urethral Sphincter Mechanism 387
Perineal Membrane 388
Clinical Anatomy 389
Female Perineum 390
Female External Genital Organs/Pudendum/Pudendal Canal 394
Pudendal Nerve 395
Clinical Anatomy 395
Internal Pudendal Artery 396
Internal Pudendal Vein 397
Histology of Body of Penls/Clltoris 397
fads to fttmcmbcr 397
Clinicoanatomical Problem 398
Frequently Asked Questions 398
Multiple Choice Questions 398
Lesser Pelvis 399
Muscles 399
Pelvic Inlet: Superior Aperture of Pelvis 399
Pelvic Outlet: Inferior Aperture of Pelvis 400
Clinical Anatomy 401
Pelvic Root 401
Clinical Anatomy 401
PeMc Cavity 401
Contents 402
Structures Crossing the Pelvic Inlet/ Brim of the Pelvis 402
Facts to Iwenibu 403
CKnicoanatomcai Problem 403
Frequently Asked Questions 403
Multiple Choice Questions 403
Urinary Bladder and Urethra 404
Introduction 404
Dissection 404
Urinary Bladder 404
External Features 404
Relations 405
Ligaments of the Bladder 406
Interior of the Bladder 406
Clinical Anatomy 407
Arterial Supply 407
Venous Drainage 407
Lymphatic Drainage 407
Nerve Supply 407
Clinical Anatomy 407
MOto Urethra 408
Posterior Port 408
Anterior Port 408
Female Urethra 411
Arteries 411
Veins 411
Lymphatic 411
Innervation 411
Walls of Urethra 411
Micturition 412
Development of Urinary Bladder and Urethra 412
Clinical Anatomy 412
Facts to Remember 413
Clinicoanatomical Problem 413
Frequently Asked Questions 413
Multiple Choice Questions 413
31. Female Reproductive Organs 414
Internal Genital Organs 414
Dissection 414
Ovaries 414
External Features 414
Relations 414
Arterial Supply 416
Venous Drainage 416
Histology 416
Clinical Anatomy 417
Uterine Tubes 417
Course and Relations Blood Supply 417
Lymphatic Drainage Nerve Supply 418
Histology 418
Clinical Anatomy 418
Uterus 419
Size and Shape 419
Normal Position and Angulation 419
Parts of Uterus 420
Cervix of Uterus 421
Ligaments of Uterus 421
Arterial Supply 422
Venous Drainage 422
Lymphatic Drainage 422
Nerve Supply 422
Age and Reproductive Changes 423
Supports of the Uterus 423
Role of Individual Supports 424
Histology 426
CHnlcal Anatomy 426
Vagina 426
Extent and Situation 427
Fomlcee of Vagina 427
Relations 427
Arterial Supply 427
Venous Drainage 428
Lymphatic Drainage 428
Nerve Supply 428
Ureter in Female Pelvis 428
Histology 428
Clinical Anatomy 429
Development 429
Mnemonics 431
Facts to Remember 431
Clinicoanatomical Problem 431
Frequently Asked Questions 432
Multiple Choice Questions 432
Male Reproductive Organs 433
Introduction 433
Dissection 433
Ductus Deferens 433
Course and Relations 433
Arterial Supply 434
Venous Drainage 434
Histology 434
Development 435
Clinical Anatomy 435
Seminal Vesicles 435
Prostate 435
Situation 435
Gross Features 435
Zones of the Prostate 436
Capsules and Ligaments of Prostate 436
Structures within the Prostate 436
Structural Zones of the Prostate 437
Blood Supply 437
Lymphatic Drainage 438
Nerve Supply 438
Age Changes in Prostate 438
Histology 438
Development 438
Clinical Anatomy 439
Vertebral System of Veins 439
Communications and Implications 440
Facts to Remember 440
Clinicoanatomical Problems 440
Frequently Asked Questions 440
Multiple Choice Questions 441
Rectum and Anal Canal 442
Rectum 442
Dissection 442
Situation 442
Dimensions 442
Relations 443
Mucosal Folds 444
Arterial Supply 445
Venous Drainage 445
Lymphatic Drainage 446
Nerve Supply 446
Supports of Rectum 446
Clinical Anatomy 447
Anal Canal 448
Dissection 448
Introduction 448
Length, Extent and Direction 448
Relations of the Anal Canal 448
Interior of the Anal Canal 448
Musculature of the Anal CancH 449
Anorectal Ring 450
Surgical Spaces Related to the Anal Canal 450
Arterial Supply 450
Venous Drainage 450
Lymphatic Drainage 451
Nerve Supply 451
Histology 451 <