Preface to the Fifth Edition VII
Preface to the First Edition (excerpts) IX
Section 1: HEAD and NECK
1. Osteology of Head and Neck 3
Skull: Introduction 3
Bones of the Skull 3
Skull Joints 3
Anatomical Position of Skull 3
Methods of Study of the Skull 4
Peculiarities of Skull Bones 4
Exterior of the Skull 4
Norma Verticalis 4
Norma Occipitalis 5
Norma Frontalis 6
Frontal Region 7
Orbital Openings 7
Anterior Bony Aperture of the Nose 8
Lower Part of the Face 8
Norma Lateralis 9
Structures Passing Through Foramina 12
Norma Basalis 12
Anterior Part of Norma Basalis 12
Middle Part of Norma Basalis 12
Posterior Part of Norma Basalis 15
Structures passing through Foramina 18
Interior of the Skull 19
Cranial Vault 20
Base of Skull 20
Anterior Cranial Fossa 20
Middle Cranial Fossa 21
Posterior Cranial Fossa 24
The Orbit 26
Foramina 28
Foetal Skull 28
Sex Differences in the Skull 31
Wormian or Sutural Bones 31
Craniometry 31
Mandible 32
Body 32
Ramus 32
Foramina and Relations to Nerves and Vessels 34
Age Changes in the Mandible 34
Structures Related to Mandible 35
Maxilla 35
Side Determination 35
Features 35
Maxillary Sinus 37
Age Changes 38
Hyoid Bone 39
Body 39
Cervical Vertebrae 40
Typical 40
First 41
Second 42
Seventh 43
Ossification of Cranial Bones 44
Foramina of Skull bones and their contents 45
Clinical Anatomy 46
2. Scalp, Temple and Face Some Features on the Living Face 51
Scalp and superficial Temporal Region Face 54
Dissection 55
Facial Muscles 55
Motor Nerve Supply 57
Sensory Nerve Supply 59
Dissection 60
Eyelids or Palpebrae 63
Dissection 63 Lacrimal Apparatus 64
Development of face 66
Clinical Anatomy 66
Side of the Neck 69
Landmarks on the Side of Neck 69
Deep Cervical Fascia (Fascia Colli) 70
Investing Layer 70
Pretracheal Fascia 71
Prevertebral Fascia 71
Carotid Sheath 72
Buccopharyngeal Fascia 72
Pharyngobasilar Fascia 72
Posterior Triangle 72
Contents 74
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle (Stemomastoid) 76
Clinical Anatomy 78
Potential Spaces in Neck, Around Lower and Upper Jaws 80
Back of the Neck 83
Introduction 83
Muscles of the Back 83
Dissection 84
Suboccipital Triangle 86
Suboccipital Muscles 87
Clinical Anatomy 88
Contents of Vertebral Canal 91
Contents 91
Epidural Space 91
Spinal Dura Mater 91
Arachnoid Mater 92
Spinal Pia Mater 92
Spinal Nerves 93
Vertebral System of Veins 93
Clinical Anatomy 94
Cranial Cavity 97
Cranial Cavity 97
Dissection 97
Cerebral Dura Mater 99
Venous Sinuses of Dura Mater 101
Cavernous Sinuses 101
Hypophysis Cerebri (Pituitary Gland) 105
Dissection 105
Histology and Hormones 106
Trigeminal Ganglion 107
Dissection 107
Middle Meningeal Artery 108
Dissection 108
Cranial Nerves 108
Internal Carotid Artery (Cavernous Part) 109
Petrosal Nerves 109
Clinical Anatomy 110
Contents of the Orbit 113
Introduction 113
Dissection 113
Extraocular Muscles 114
Ophthalmic Artery 118
Dissection 118
Optic Nerve 120
Ciliary Ganglion 120
Lacrimal Nerve 121
Frontal Nerve 121
Nasociliary Nerve 122
Infraorbital Nerve 122
Zygomatic Nerve 122
Sympathetic Nerves of the Orbit 123
Clinical Anatomy 123
Anterior Triangle of the Neck 125
Surface Landmarks 125
Skin 126
Structures in the Anterior Median Region of the Neck 127
Dissection 127
Anterior Triangle of Neck 128
Dissection 129
Submental Triangle 131
Digastric Triangle 131
Carotid Triangle 132
Dissection 133
Common Carotid artery 134
External Carotid artery 134
Muscular Triangle 138
Clinical Anatomy 139
9. Parotid Region 141
Salivary glands 141
Parotid Gland 141
Dissection 141
Capsule of Parotid Gland 141
External Features 142
Clinical Anatomy 146
10. Temporal and Infratemporal Regions Introduction 147
Infratemporal Fossa 147
Pterygopalatine Fossa 148
Landmarks on the lateral side of the head 148
Muscles of Mastication 148
Dissection 148
Relations of Lateral Pterygoid 150
Relations of Medial Pterygoid 151
Maxillary Artery 151
Temporomandibular Joint 154
Articular Surfaces 154
Dissection 154
Ligaments 154
Movements 156
Mandibular Nerve 157
Dissection 157
Course and Relations 157
Branches 157
Otic Ganglion 159
Connections and Branches 159
Clinical Anatomy 160
Submandibular Region Suprahyoid Muscles 163
Dissection 163
Submandibular Salivary Gland 165
о Sublingual Salivary Gland 167
Submandibular Ganglion 167
Connections and Branches 168
Clinical Anatomy 169
Deep Structures in the Neck Glands 171
Thyroid Gland 171
Dissection 172
Capsules of Thyroid 172
Relations 172
Arterial Supply 173
Development 176
Parathyroid Glands 176
Thymus 177
Blood Vessels 177
Subclavian Artery 177
Branches 179
Common Carotid Artery 180
Dissection 181
Internal Carotid Artery 181
Subclavian Vein 182
Internal Jugular Vein 183
Brachiocephalic Vein 183
Cervical Part of Sympathetic Trunk 184
Ganglia 184
Dissection 185
Cervical Plexus 186
Branches 186
Phrenic Nerve 188
Course and Relations in the Neck 188
Trachea 188
Oesophagus 189
Lymph Nodes of Head and Neck 189
Superficial Circle 190
Deep Circle 190
Prelaryngeal and Pretracheal Nodes 190
ParatracheaJ Nodes 191
Retropharyngeal Nodes 191
Scalene Muscles 191
Cervical Pleura 193
Styloid Apparatus 194
Clinical Anatomy 195
13. Prevertebral Region Prevertebral Muscles 199
Vertebral Artery 199
Dissection 199
Branches of Vertebral Arteiy 201
Development of Vertebral Artery 201
Joints of the Neck 201
Clinical Anatomy 204
14. Mouth and Pharynx Oral Cavity 205
Teeth 206
Development of Teeth 208
Hard Palate 209
Dissection 210
Soft Palate 210
Muscles of the Soft Palate 210
Passavant's Ridge 212
Development of Palate 212
Pharynx 213
Dissection 213
Boundaries 213
Parts of the Pharynx 213
Waldeyer's Lymphatic Ring 213
Palatine Tonsil 214
Laryngeal Part of Pharynx 216
Structure of Pharynx 217
Muscles of the Pharynx 218
Dissection 219
Killian's Dehiscence 220
Deglutition (Swallowing) 221
Auditory Tube 221
Clinical Anatomy 223
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 225
Introduction 225
Nose 225
External Nose 225
Nasal Cavity 225
Dissection 226
Nasal Septum 226
Lateral Wall of Nose 227
Dissection 228
Chonchae and Meatuses 228
Dissection 229
Paranasal Sinuses 230
Dissection 230
Pterygopalatine Fossa 231
Maxillary Nerve 232
Dissection 233
Pterygopalat ine Ganglion / Sphenopalatine Ganglion/Ganglion of Hay Fever 233
Summary of Pterygopalatine Fossa 235
Clinical Anatomy 235
Larynx 237
Introduction 237
Dissection 237
Cartilages of Larynx 237
Thyroid Cartilage 238
Cricoid Cartilage 238
Epiglottic Cartilage/Epiglottis 239
Arytenoid Cartilage 239
Laryngeal Joints 240
Laryngeal Ligaments and Membranes 240
Cavity of Larynx 241
Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx 242
Nerve Supply of Muscles 242
Actions 242
Movements of Vocal Folds 244
Mechanism of Speech 245
Clinical Anatomy 245
Spaces Around Larynx 248
Tongue 249
Introduction 249
Dissection 249
External Features 249
Muscles of the Tongue 250
Nerve Supply 252
Histology 253
Development of Tongue 253
Taste pathway 254
Clinical Anatomy 254
Ear and Vestibulocochlear Nerve 257
Features of the Temporal Bone 257
External Ear 257
Auricle/ Pinna 257
External Acoustic Meatus 258
Dissection 258
Tympanic Membrane 258
Middle Ear 260
Boundaries 261
Ear Ossicles 264
Joints of the Ossicles 264
Muscles of the Middle Ear 264
Tympanic or Mastoid Antrum 265
Dissection 265
Mastoid Air Cells 265
Internal Ear 266
Bony Labyrinth 266
Membranous Labyrinth 267
Development 268
Vestibulocochlear Nerve 268
Clinical Anatomy 268
Eyeball 273
Introduction 273
Outer Coat 273
Sclera 273
Dissection 273
Cornea 274
Dissection 274
Middle Coat 275
Choroid 275
Ciliary Body 275
Iris 276
Inner coat/Retina 277
Aqueous Humour 278
Lens 278
Arteries 286
Veins 287
Nerves 288
Glands 289
Palatine Tonsil 290
Paranasal Sinuses 290
Radiological Anatomy 291
Lateral View of Skull (Plain Skiagram) 291
Cranial Vault 291
Base of Skull 291
Special PA View of Skull for Paranasal Sinuses 292
Cervical Vertebrae 292
Dissection 278
Development 279
Vitreous Body 279
Clinical Anatomy 279
Surface Marking & Radiological Anatomy 281
Surface Landmarks 281
Surface Marking of Various Structures 286
Appendix 1
Cervical plexus 293
Phrenic Nerve 293
Sympathetic Trunk 293
Parasympathetic Ganglia 293
Submandibular Ganglion 293
Pterygopalatine Ganglion 294
Otic Ganglion 294
Ciliary Ganglion 294
Arteries of Head and Neck 296
Clinical Terms 298
Clinicoanatomical Problems 299
Multiple Choice Questions 300
Mnemonics 303
Further Reading 304
Section 2: BRAIN
Introduction 307
Cellular Architecture 308
Classification of Neurons 308
Reflex Arc 309
Parts of the Nervous System 309
Parts of Brain 310
Gross Study of Brain 312
Clinical Anatomy 312
Meninges of the Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid 315
Introduction 315
Dura Mater 315
Arachnoid Mater 315
Pia Mater 315
Subarachnoid Space 317
Cisterns 317
Dissection 317
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 318
Functions of CSF 320 Clinical Anatomy 320
Spinal Cord 323
Introduction 323
Meningeal Coverings 323
Spinal Nerves 324
Nuclei of Spinal Cord 325
Laminar Organisation in Spinal Cord 326
Dissection 327
Tracts of the Spinal Cord 327
Descending Tracts 327
Ascending Tracts 329
Summary 333
Clinical Anatomy 334
24. Cranial Nerves 337
Embryology 338
First Cranial Nerve 342
Olfactory (Smell) Pathway 342
Second Cranial Nerve 342
Visual (Optic) Pathway 344
Structures in Visual Pathway 344
Third Cranial Nerve 347
Functional Components 347
Fourth Cranial Nerve 349
Functional Components 349
Sixth Cranial Nerve 350
Fifth Cranial Nerve 351
Sensory Components of V Nerve 352
Motor Component 352
Seventh Cranial Nerve 354
Functional Components 354
Nuclei 354
Course and Relations 355
Branches and Distribution 355
Ganglia 358
Eighth Cranial Nerve 358
Pathway of Hearing 358
Vestibular Pathway 360
Last Four Cranial Nerves 360
Ninth Cranial Nerve 361
Functional Components 361
Nuclei 362
Course and Relations 362
Branches and Distribution 362
Tenth Cranial Nerve 363
Functional Components 363
Nuclei 364
Course and Relations in Head and Neck 365
Branches in Head and Neck 365
Eleventh Cranial Nerve 367
Functional Components 367
Nuclei 367
Course and Distribution of the Cranial Root 367
Course and Distribution of the Spinal Root 367
Twelfth Crania] Nerve 368
Functional Components/ Nuclear Columns 368
Nucleus 368
Course and Relations 368
Branches and Distribution 369
Clinical Anatomy 370
Brainstem 377
Introduction 377
Medulla Oblongata 377
External Features 377
Internal Structure 378
Pons 381
External Features 381
Internal Structure of Pons 381
Midbrain 383
Subdivisions 383
Internal Structure of Midbrain 384
Development 385
Clinical Anatomy 385
Cerebellum 389
Introduction 389
External Features 389
Connections of Cerebellum 391
Functions of Cerebellum 393
Development 394
Clinical Anatomy 394
Fourth Ventricle 395
Introduction 395
Lateral boundaries 395
Floor 395
Roof 396
Tela Choroidea of Fourth Ventricle 397
Communication 397
Recesses of Fourth Ventricle 398
Clinical Anatomy 398
Cerebrum 399
Introduction 399
External Features 399
Dissection 399
Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere 401
Cerebral Sulci and Gyri 402
Structural and Functional Type of the Cortex 404
Functional or Cortical Areas of Cerebral Cortex 404
Areas of Special Sensations 408
Thalamus 409
Connections and Functions 412
Metathalamus (Part of Thalamus) 412
Medial Geniculate Body 412
Lateral Geniculate Body 412
Epi thalamus 413
Pineal Body 413
Hypothalamus 413
Subthalamue 415
Basal nuclei 415
Dissection 416
Corpus striatum 416
White matter of cerebrum 418
Dissection 418
Association (Arcuate) Fibres 418
Projection Fibres 419
Commissural Fibres 419
Corpus Callosum 419
Internal capsule 420
Gross Anatomy 420
Fibres of Internal Capsule 420
Blood Supply 421
Development 421
Clinical Anatomy 423
Third Ventricle, Lateral Ventricles and Limbic System 427
Third Ventricle 427
Dissection 427
Lateral Ventricle 428
Central Part 428
Dissection 429
Anterior Horn 429
Posterior Horn 430
Inferior Horn 430
Limbic System 431
Constituent Parts 431
Functions 431
Clinical Anatomy 433
Some Neural Pathways and Reticular Formation 435
Pyramidal Tract 435
Functions 436
Pathway of Pain and Temperature 436
Pathway of Touch 436
Pathway of proprioceptive Impulses 437
Taste Pathway 437
Reticular Formation 438
Connections 438
Functions 438
Clinical Anatomy 439
Blood Supply of Spinal Cord and Brain 441
Blood Supply of Spinal Cord 441
Arteries of Brain 441
Vertebral Arteries 441
Basilar Artery 442
Internal Carotid Artery 443
Circulus Arteriosus or Circle of Willis 444
Branches 444
Arterial Supply of Different Areas 445
Blood-Brain Barrier 445
Perivascular Spaces 447
Veins of the Cerebrum 447
Characteristics of the Veins 447
Groups of Veins 447
Blood Supply of the Brainstem 448
Clinical Anatomy 449
32. Investigations of a Neurological Case, Surface and Radiological Anatomy and Evolution of Head 451
Investigations Required in A Neurological Case 451
Surface Anatomy 452
Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex 453
Cerebellum 453
Radiological Anatomy of the Brain 453
Cerebral Angiography 453
Evolution of the Head 453
Appendix 2 455
Summary of the ventricles of the Brain 455
Lateral Ventricle 455
Third Ventricle 455
Fourth Ventricle 455
Nuclear Components of Cranial Nerves 456
Arteries of Brain 458
Clinical Terms 459
Clinicoanatomical Problems 460
Multiple Choice Questions 461
Mnemonics 463
Further Reading 464
CONTENTS XIX
Index 465