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Chemistry - general, organic. biological. 2nd ed.
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<p>
This book was set in Zapf Book Light by York Graphic Services, Inc.
</p>
<p>
The editors were Curt Berkowitz and Denise T. Schanck;
</p>
<p>
the production supervisor was Janelle S. TYavers.
</p>
<p>
New drawings were done by J&R Services, Inc.
</p>
<p>
Von Hoffmann Press. Inc.. was printer and binder.
</p>
<p>
Cover photo: DNA Double Helix Model. © David A. Wagner/Phototake NYC. Library of Congress С aialoging-in-Publicaiion Data
</p>
This book was set in Zapf Book Light by York Graphic Services, Inc.
</p>
<p>
The editors were Curt Berkowitz and Denise T. Schanck;
</p>
<p>
the production supervisor was Janelle S. TYavers.
</p>
<p>
New drawings were done by J&R Services, Inc.
</p>
<p>
Von Hoffmann Press. Inc.. was printer and binder.
</p>
<p>
Cover photo: DNA Double Helix Model. © David A. Wagner/Phototake NYC. Library of Congress С aialoging-in-Publicaiion Data
</p>
PREFACE xvii
CHAPTER 1 MATTER 1
1.1 Introduction 2
Classification of matter 2
Pure substances versus mixtures 3
Physical versus chemical change 6
Elements, compounds, and mixtures 8
Chemical representation 13
Energy 14
CHAPTER 2 MEASUREMENT 18
Introduction 19
The metric system 19
Apothecaries' measures 24
Unit conversion 24
Density 27
Specific gravity 30
Temperature 31
Units of energy 33
Food calories 34
Significant figures 36
Rounding off 39
Significant figures in calculations 39
Scientific notation 41
Calculations in scientific notation 44
CHAPTER 3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRV 50
Introduction 51
Atomic theoiy 51
Inside the atom 52
Atomic number 53
Charged atoms 54
Isotopes 55
Mass number 55
Relative atomic mass 57
Average atomic weight 58
Electronic versus nuclear changes 58
Radioactivity 59
Properties of а-, /3-, and y-radiation 60
Ionizing radiation 62
Physiological effects of radiation 64
Nuclear decay 66
Half-life, t 70
Medical uses of radioisotopes 72
New elements through bombardment 74
Neutron bombardment in radiation therapy 75
Nuclear energy 76
CHAPTER 4 ELECTRON STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 83
Introduction 84
Energy revisited 84
Concept of minimum energy 84
Minimum energy in the atom 86
Electron configuration notation 92
Evidence and uses of the electron energy levels 95
Periodic table 98
Periodic groups 100
Periodicity explained 101
Lewis electron dot structures 103
Periodic trends 104
CHAPTER 5 IONIC COMPOUNDS 110
Introduction 111
How can atoms achieve lower-energy states? 111
Metals lose electrons 112
N on metals gain electrons 113
Electron transfer 114
Oxidation-reduction 116
Ionic charges 117
Pofyatomic ions 118
53 Formulas for ionic compounds 119
Nomenclature 122
Formula weight 125
The nature of the ionic bond 127
Ions in blood 127
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